DataOps-platform/app/runner/artifacts.py

"""Digest-bound, bounded Parquet artifacts owned by the DataOps Runner."""

from __future__ import annotations

import hashlib
import json
import math
import os
import re
import tempfile
from collections.abc import Mapping
from contextlib import contextmanager, suppress
from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
from typing import Any

import polars as pl
import pyarrow.parquet as pq
from minio.error import S3Error
from sqlalchemy import text

from app.core.common.identifiers import (
    ensure_governance_uid,
    new_governance_uid,
)
from app.core.data_rules.execution_contracts import canonical_schema_hash

PARQUET_CONTENT_TYPE = "application/x-parquet"
_DIGEST = re.compile(r"^[0-9a-f]{64}$")


def _confirmed_object_missing(exc: BaseException) -> bool:
    return isinstance(exc, KeyError) or (
        isinstance(exc, S3Error)
        and exc.code in {"NoSuchKey", "NoSuchObject", "NotFound"}
    )


class ArtifactCommitUnknown(RuntimeError):
    """A catalog transaction may have committed but cannot be confirmed."""


class ArtifactHandoffPending(RuntimeError):
    """Another publisher owns the durable pending handoff."""


def _parquet_footer_bounds(path: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
    try:
        metadata = pq.ParquetFile(path).metadata
    except Exception as exc:
        raise ValueError("artifact Parquet footer is invalid") from exc
    if metadata is None or metadata.num_row_groups < 1:
        raise ValueError("artifact Parquet footer is incomplete")
    uncompressed = sum(
        metadata.row_group(index).total_byte_size
        for index in range(metadata.num_row_groups)
    )
    if metadata.num_rows < 0 or uncompressed < 0:
        raise ValueError("artifact Parquet footer is invalid")
    return metadata.num_rows, uncompressed


def _now_utc(clock) -> datetime:
    value = clock()
    if not isinstance(value, datetime):
        raise ValueError("artifact clock must return a datetime")
    if value.tzinfo is None:
        value = value.replace(tzinfo=UTC)
    return value.astimezone(UTC)


def _timestamp(value: datetime) -> str:
    return value.astimezone(UTC).isoformat().replace("+00:00", "Z")


def _parse_timestamp(value: Any) -> datetime:
    if not isinstance(value, str) or not value.endswith("Z"):
        raise ValueError("artifact expiry metadata is invalid")
    try:
        parsed = datetime.fromisoformat(value[:-1] + "+00:00")
    except ValueError as exc:
        raise ValueError("artifact expiry metadata is invalid") from exc
    return parsed.astimezone(UTC)


def _uid(value: Any, label: str) -> str:
    try:
        return ensure_governance_uid({"uid": str(value)})
    except ValueError as exc:
        raise ValueError(f"{label} must be a valid UUIDv7") from exc


def _inferred_schema_fields(
    frame: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame,
) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
    schema = (
        frame.collect_schema()
        if isinstance(frame, pl.LazyFrame)
        else frame.schema
    )
    fields = []
    for name, dtype in schema.items():
        field: dict[str, Any] = {
            "name": name,
            "nullable": True,
        }
        if dtype == pl.Boolean:
            field["type"] = "boolean"
        elif dtype == pl.Date:
            field["type"] = "date"
        elif dtype == pl.String:
            field["type"] = "string"
        elif dtype.is_integer():
            field["type"] = "integer"
        elif dtype == pl.Float32:
            field["type"] = "float"
        elif dtype == pl.Float64:
            field["type"] = "double"
        elif dtype.is_decimal():
            field.update(
                {
                    "type": "decimal",
                    "precision": dtype.precision,
                    "scale": dtype.scale,
                }
            )
        elif isinstance(dtype, pl.Datetime):
            field["type"] = (
                "timestamptz" if dtype.time_zone else "timestamp"
            )
            if dtype.time_zone:
                field["timezone"] = dtype.time_zone
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"unsupported artifact dtype for {name}")
        fields.append(field)
    return sorted(fields, key=lambda item: item["name"])


def _normalized_schema_fields(value: Any) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
    canonical_schema_hash(value)
    return sorted(
        [dict(field) for field in value],
        key=lambda item: item["name"],
    )


def _schema_contract(value: Any) -> tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], str]:
    fields = _normalized_schema_fields(value)
    return fields, canonical_schema_hash(fields)


def _validate_frame_schema(
    frame: pl.DataFrame | pl.LazyFrame,
    fields: list[dict[str, Any]],
) -> None:
    schema = (
        frame.collect_schema()
        if isinstance(frame, pl.LazyFrame)
        else frame.schema
    )
    expected_names = {field["name"] for field in fields}
    if set(schema.names()) != expected_names:
        raise ValueError("artifact schema fields do not match")
    for field in fields:
        dtype = schema[field["name"]]
        field_type = field["type"]
        matches = (
            (field_type == "boolean" and dtype == pl.Boolean)
            or (field_type == "date" and dtype == pl.Date)
            or (field_type == "string" and dtype == pl.String)
            or (field_type == "integer" and dtype.is_integer())
            or (field_type == "float" and dtype == pl.Float32)
            or (field_type == "double" and dtype == pl.Float64)
            or (
                field_type == "decimal"
                and dtype.is_decimal()
                and dtype.precision == field.get("precision")
                and dtype.scale == field.get("scale")
            )
            or (
                field_type == "timestamp"
                and isinstance(dtype, pl.Datetime)
                and dtype.time_zone is None
            )
            or (
                field_type == "timestamptz"
                and isinstance(dtype, pl.Datetime)
                and dtype.time_zone == field.get("timezone")
            )
        )
        if not matches:
            raise ValueError(
                f"artifact schema type for {field['name']} does not match"
            )
    if isinstance(frame, pl.DataFrame):
        for field in fields:
            if not field["nullable"] and frame[field["name"]].null_count():
                raise ValueError(
                    f"artifact nullable contract for {field['name']} does not match"
                )


def _metadata(value: Any) -> dict[str, str]:
    if not isinstance(value, Mapping):
        raise ValueError("artifact content metadata is missing")
    normalized = {}
    for key, item in value.items():
        name = str(key).lower()
        if name.startswith("x-amz-meta-"):
            name = name[len("x-amz-meta-") :]
        if name in {
            "sha256",
            "row-count",
            "schema-sha256",
            "expires-at",
            "artifact-bytes",
        }:
            normalized[name] = str(item)
    required = {
        "sha256",
        "row-count",
        "schema-sha256",
        "expires-at",
        "artifact-bytes",
    }
    if set(normalized) != required:
        raise ValueError("artifact content metadata is incomplete")
    if sum(len(key) + len(item) for key, item in normalized.items()) > 2_048:
        raise ValueError("artifact content metadata exceeds the safe limit")
    return normalized


class ArtifactStore:
    """Read and write only server-owned, bounded Parquet artifacts."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        client,
        *,
        bucket: str,
        max_artifact_bytes: int,
        max_rows: int,
        memory_limit_bytes: int,
        max_ttl_seconds: int = 86400,
        clock=None,
    ):
        if not re.fullmatch(r"[a-z0-9][a-z0-9.-]{1,61}[a-z0-9]", bucket):
            raise ValueError("artifact bucket name is invalid")
        self.client = client
        self.bucket = bucket
        self.max_artifact_bytes = int(max_artifact_bytes)
        self.max_rows = int(max_rows)
        self.memory_limit_bytes = int(memory_limit_bytes)
        self.max_ttl_seconds = int(max_ttl_seconds)
        self.clock = clock or (lambda: datetime.now(UTC))
        if (
            self.max_artifact_bytes < 1024
            or self.max_rows < 1
            or self.memory_limit_bytes < self.max_artifact_bytes
            or self.max_ttl_seconds < 1
        ):
            raise ValueError("artifact resource limits are invalid")
        if not self.client.bucket_exists(self.bucket):
            raise ValueError("artifact bucket does not exist")

    def _limits(self, value: Any = None) -> dict[str, int]:
        configured = {
            "max_rows": self.max_rows,
            "max_artifact_bytes": self.max_artifact_bytes,
            "memory_limit_bytes": self.memory_limit_bytes,
        }
        if value is None:
            return configured
        if not isinstance(value, dict) or set(value) != set(configured):
            raise ValueError("artifact limits must have a closed shape")
        result = {}
        for key, ceiling in configured.items():
            item = value[key]
            if (
                isinstance(item, bool)
                or not isinstance(item, int)
                or item < 1
                or item > ceiling
            ):
                raise ValueError(
                    f"artifact {key} exceeds the configured ceiling"
                )
            result[key] = item
        return result

    def _parse_ref(self, ref: Any) -> str:
        prefix = f"minio://{self.bucket}/"
        if not isinstance(ref, str) or not ref.startswith(prefix):
            raise ValueError("artifact reference is not owned by this store")
        key = ref[len(prefix) :]
        match = re.fullmatch(
            r"rules/([0-9a-f-]{36})/([0-9a-f-]{36})\.parquet",
            key,
        )
        if match is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact reference is invalid")
        _uid(match.group(1), "artifact correlation id")
        _uid(match.group(2), "artifact id")
        return key

    def _validated_stat(
        self,
        key: str,
        *,
        expected_digest: str | None = None,
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> tuple[Any, dict[str, str]]:
        effective = self._limits(limits)
        stat = self.client.stat_object(self.bucket, key)
        size = int(getattr(stat, "size", -1))
        if size < 1 or size > effective["max_artifact_bytes"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact size exceeds the configured limit")
        if size > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact download exceeds the memory limit")
        if str(getattr(stat, "content_type", "")).lower() != PARQUET_CONTENT_TYPE:
            raise ValueError("artifact content type is invalid")
        metadata = _metadata(getattr(stat, "metadata", None))
        digest = metadata["sha256"]
        if _DIGEST.fullmatch(digest) is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact digest metadata is invalid")
        if expected_digest is not None and digest != expected_digest:
            raise ValueError("artifact digest does not match")
        try:
            row_count = int(metadata["row-count"])
            metadata_size = int(metadata["artifact-bytes"])
        except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
            raise ValueError("artifact count metadata is invalid") from exc
        if row_count < 0 or row_count > effective["max_rows"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact row count exceeds the configured limit")
        if metadata_size != size:
            raise ValueError("artifact size metadata does not match")
        if _DIGEST.fullmatch(metadata["schema-sha256"]) is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact schema metadata is invalid")
        if _parse_timestamp(metadata["expires-at"]) <= _now_utc(self.clock):
            raise ValueError("artifact has expired")
        return stat, metadata

    def write(
        self,
        frame: pl.LazyFrame | pl.DataFrame,
        correlation_id: str,
        ttl_seconds: int,
        *,
        schema_fields: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        effective = self._limits(limits)
        correlation = _uid(correlation_id, "correlation_id")
        if (
            isinstance(ttl_seconds, bool)
            or not isinstance(ttl_seconds, int)
            or ttl_seconds < 1
            or ttl_seconds > self.max_ttl_seconds
        ):
            raise ValueError("artifact TTL is outside the configured limit")
        if isinstance(frame, pl.DataFrame):
            lazy = frame.lazy()
        elif isinstance(frame, pl.LazyFrame):
            lazy = frame
        else:
            raise ValueError("artifact frame must be a Polars frame")
        collected = lazy.head(effective["max_rows"] + 1).collect(
            engine="streaming"
        )
        if collected.height > effective["max_rows"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact row count exceeds the configured limit")
        if collected.estimated_size() > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact frame exceeds the configured memory limit")
        fields, schema_digest = _schema_contract(
            schema_fields or _inferred_schema_fields(collected)
        )
        _validate_frame_schema(collected, fields)
        expires_at = _timestamp(
            _now_utc(self.clock) + timedelta(seconds=ttl_seconds)
        )
        artifact_id = new_governance_uid()
        key = f"rules/{correlation}/{artifact_id}.parquet"
        path = None
        uploaded = False
        try:
            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                prefix="dataops-rule-artifact-",
                suffix=".parquet",
                delete=False,
            ) as handle:
                path = handle.name
            collected.write_parquet(path)
            size = os.path.getsize(path)
            if size < 1 or size > effective["max_artifact_bytes"]:
                raise ValueError("artifact size exceeds the configured limit")
            if size > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]:
                raise ValueError("serialized artifact exceeds the memory limit")
            if (
                size + collected.estimated_size()
                > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]
            ):
                raise ValueError(
                    "artifact serialization exceeds the memory limit"
                )
            digest = hashlib.sha256()
            with open(path, "rb") as handle:
                while chunk := handle.read(1024 * 1024):
                    digest.update(chunk)
            digest_hex = digest.hexdigest()
            with open(path, "rb") as handle:
                self.client.put_object(
                    self.bucket,
                    key,
                    handle,
                    size,
                    content_type=PARQUET_CONTENT_TYPE,
                    metadata={
                        "sha256": digest_hex,
                        "row-count": str(collected.height),
                        "schema-sha256": schema_digest,
                        "expires-at": expires_at,
                        "artifact-bytes": str(size),
                    },
                )
            uploaded = True
            self._validated_stat(
                key,
                expected_digest=digest_hex,
                limits=effective,
            )
            artifact_ref = f"minio://{self.bucket}/{key}"
            with self.stage(
                artifact_ref,
                digest_hex,
                expected_schema_fields=fields,
                limits=effective,
            ):
                pass
        except Exception:
            if uploaded:
                with suppress(Exception):
                    self.client.remove_object(self.bucket, key)
            raise
        finally:
            if path is not None:
                with suppress(FileNotFoundError):
                    os.unlink(path)
        return {
            "artifact_ref": artifact_ref,
            "digest": digest_hex,
            "row_count": collected.height,
            "schema_hash": schema_digest,
            "schema_fields": fields,
            "expires_at": expires_at,
        }

    def prepare_path(
        self,
        path: str,
        correlation_id: str,
        ttl_seconds: int,
        *,
        schema_fields: list[dict[str, Any]],
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Validate a local Parquet file and reserve its server-owned key."""

        effective = self._limits(limits)
        correlation = _uid(correlation_id, "correlation_id")
        if (
            isinstance(ttl_seconds, bool)
            or not isinstance(ttl_seconds, int)
            or ttl_seconds < 1
            or ttl_seconds > self.max_ttl_seconds
        ):
            raise ValueError("artifact TTL is outside the configured limit")
        if not isinstance(path, str) or not os.path.isfile(path):
            raise ValueError("worker artifact path is invalid")
        size = os.path.getsize(path)
        if size < 1 or size > effective["max_artifact_bytes"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact size exceeds the configured limit")
        rows, uncompressed = _parquet_footer_bounds(path)
        if rows > effective["max_rows"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact row count exceeds the configured limit")
        if uncompressed > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]:
            raise ValueError(
                "Parquet footer uncompressed size exceeds the memory limit"
            )
        fields, schema_digest = _schema_contract(schema_fields)
        _validate_frame_schema(pl.scan_parquet(path), fields)
        digest = hashlib.sha256()
        with open(path, "rb") as handle:
            while chunk := handle.read(1024 * 1024):
                digest.update(chunk)
        digest_hex = digest.hexdigest()
        expires_at = _timestamp(
            _now_utc(self.clock) + timedelta(seconds=ttl_seconds)
        )
        artifact_id = new_governance_uid()
        key = f"rules/{correlation}/{artifact_id}.parquet"
        return {
            "artifact_ref": f"minio://{self.bucket}/{key}",
            "digest": digest_hex,
            "row_count": rows,
            "schema_hash": schema_digest,
            "schema_fields": fields,
            "expires_at": expires_at,
        }

    def upload_path(
        self,
        path: str,
        artifact: dict[str, Any],
        *,
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Upload to an already reserved exact key and verify the object."""

        if not isinstance(artifact, dict):
            raise ValueError("prepared artifact metadata is invalid")
        required = {
            "artifact_ref",
            "digest",
            "row_count",
            "schema_hash",
            "schema_fields",
            "expires_at",
        }
        if set(artifact) != required:
            raise ValueError("prepared artifact metadata has a closed shape")
        key = self._parse_ref(artifact["artifact_ref"])
        correlation = key.split("/", 2)[1]
        ttl_seconds = math.ceil(
            (
                _parse_timestamp(artifact["expires_at"])
                - _now_utc(self.clock)
            ).total_seconds()
        )
        if ttl_seconds < 1 or ttl_seconds > self.max_ttl_seconds:
            raise ValueError("prepared artifact TTL is invalid")
        expected = self.prepare_path(
            path,
            correlation,
            ttl_seconds,
            schema_fields=artifact["schema_fields"],
            limits=limits,
        )
        for name in (
            "digest",
            "row_count",
            "schema_hash",
            "schema_fields",
        ):
            if expected[name] != artifact[name]:
                raise ValueError("prepared artifact no longer matches its path")
        effective = self._limits(limits)
        size = os.path.getsize(path)
        uploaded = False
        try:
            with open(path, "rb") as handle:
                self.client.put_object(
                    self.bucket,
                    key,
                    handle,
                    size,
                    content_type=PARQUET_CONTENT_TYPE,
                    metadata={
                        "sha256": artifact["digest"],
                        "row-count": str(artifact["row_count"]),
                        "schema-sha256": artifact["schema_hash"],
                        "expires-at": artifact["expires_at"],
                        "artifact-bytes": str(size),
                    },
                )
            uploaded = True
            with self.stage(
                artifact["artifact_ref"],
                artifact["digest"],
                expected_schema_fields=artifact["schema_fields"],
                limits=effective,
            ):
                pass
        except Exception:
            if uploaded:
                with suppress(Exception):
                    self.client.remove_object(self.bucket, key)
            raise
        return dict(artifact)

    def write_path(
        self,
        path: str,
        correlation_id: str,
        ttl_seconds: int,
        *,
        schema_fields: list[dict[str, Any]],
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Prepare and upload a non-cataloged compatibility artifact."""

        artifact = self.prepare_path(
            path,
            correlation_id,
            ttl_seconds,
            schema_fields=schema_fields,
            limits=limits,
        )
        return self.upload_path(path, artifact, limits=limits)

    def describe(self, ref: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Return validated object metadata without exposing MinIO credentials."""

        key = self._parse_ref(ref)
        _stat, metadata = self._validated_stat(key)
        return {
            "artifact_ref": ref,
            "digest": metadata["sha256"],
            "row_count": int(metadata["row-count"]),
            "schema_hash": metadata["schema-sha256"],
            "expires_at": metadata["expires-at"],
        }

    def describe_optional(self, ref: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        """Return None only for a confirmed missing object."""

        try:
            return self.describe(ref)
        except Exception as exc:
            if _confirmed_object_missing(exc):
                return None
            raise

    def read(
        self,
        ref: str,
        expected_digest: str,
        *,
        expected_schema_fields: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> pl.LazyFrame:
        with self.stage(
            ref,
            expected_digest,
            expected_schema_fields=expected_schema_fields,
            limits=limits,
        ) as path:
            effective = self._limits(limits)
            try:
                frame = pl.read_parquet(
                    path,
                    n_rows=effective["max_rows"] + 1,
                    memory_map=False,
                )
            except Exception as exc:
                raise ValueError("artifact is not valid Parquet") from exc
        if frame.estimated_size() > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact frame exceeds the configured memory limit")
        _validate_frame_schema(
            frame, _normalized_schema_fields(expected_schema_fields)
        )
        return frame.lazy()

    @contextmanager
    def stage(
        self,
        ref: str,
        expected_digest: str,
        *,
        expected_schema_fields: list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ):
        effective = self._limits(limits)
        if _DIGEST.fullmatch(str(expected_digest or "")) is None:
            raise ValueError("expected artifact digest is invalid")
        key = self._parse_ref(ref)
        _stat, metadata = self._validated_stat(
            key,
            expected_digest=expected_digest,
            limits=effective,
        )
        if expected_schema_fields is None:
            raise ValueError("expected artifact schema fields are required")
        fields = _normalized_schema_fields(expected_schema_fields)
        if canonical_schema_hash(fields) != metadata["schema-sha256"]:
            raise ValueError("artifact schema contract is not expected")
        response = self.client.get_object(self.bucket, key)
        digest = hashlib.sha256()
        path = None
        size = 0
        try:
            try:
                with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                    prefix="dataops-rule-stage-",
                    suffix=".parquet",
                    delete=False,
                ) as handle:
                    path = handle.name
                    while chunk := response.read(1024 * 1024):
                        size += len(chunk)
                        if size > effective["max_artifact_bytes"]:
                            raise ValueError(
                                "artifact size exceeds the configured limit"
                            )
                        digest.update(chunk)
                        handle.write(chunk)
            finally:
                response.close()
                release = getattr(response, "release_conn", None)
                if callable(release):
                    release()
            if digest.hexdigest() != expected_digest:
                raise ValueError("artifact digest does not match content")
            footer_rows, uncompressed = _parquet_footer_bounds(path)
            if footer_rows != int(metadata["row-count"]):
                raise ValueError("artifact row count does not match metadata")
            if footer_rows > effective["max_rows"]:
                raise ValueError(
                    "artifact row count exceeds the configured limit"
                )
            if uncompressed > effective["memory_limit_bytes"]:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Parquet footer uncompressed size exceeds the memory limit"
                )
            lazy = pl.scan_parquet(path)
            _validate_frame_schema(lazy, fields)
            yield path
        finally:
            if path is not None:
                with suppress(FileNotFoundError):
                    os.unlink(path)

    def cleanup_expired(self, correlation_id: str) -> int:
        correlation = _uid(correlation_id, "correlation_id")
        prefix = f"rules/{correlation}/"
        removed = 0
        for item in self.client.list_objects(
            self.bucket,
            prefix=prefix,
            recursive=True,
        ):
            key = str(getattr(item, "object_name", ""))
            if not key.startswith(prefix):
                continue
            try:
                self._parse_ref(f"minio://{self.bucket}/{key}")
                stat = self.client.stat_object(self.bucket, key)
                metadata = _metadata(getattr(stat, "metadata", None))
                expired = _parse_timestamp(
                    metadata["expires-at"]
                ) <= _now_utc(self.clock)
            except ValueError:
                continue
            if expired:
                self.client.remove_object(self.bucket, key)
                removed += 1
        return removed

    def delete(self, ref: str) -> None:
        """Delete one exact store-owned artifact after validating its key."""

        key = self._parse_ref(ref)
        self.client.remove_object(self.bucket, key)


class PostgresArtifactResolver:
    """Resolve a canonical artifact binding without accepting caller paths."""

    def __init__(self, engine, artifact_store: ArtifactStore):
        self.engine = engine
        self.artifact_store = artifact_store

    def resolve(
        self,
        *,
        binding_id: str,
        correlation_id: str,
        kind: str,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        binding = _uid(binding_id, "artifact binding id")
        correlation = _uid(correlation_id, "artifact correlation id")
        if kind not in {"input", "lookup", "output"}:
            raise ValueError("artifact kind is invalid")
        statement = text(
            """
            SELECT
                a.artifact_ref,
                a.artifact_digest,
                a.row_count,
                a.schema_hash,
                a.schema_fields,
                a.expires_at,
                a.binding_hash AS catalog_binding_hash,
                b.binding_hash AS current_binding_hash
            FROM public.rule_run_artifacts a
            JOIN public.dataflow_dataset_bindings b
              ON b.id = a.binding_id
            WHERE a.binding_id = CAST(:binding_id AS uuid)
              AND a.correlation_id = CAST(:correlation_id AS uuid)
              AND a.artifact_kind = :artifact_kind
              AND a.handoff_status = 'ready'
              AND a.expires_at > CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              AND a.binding_hash = b.binding_hash
              AND b.object_kind = 'parquet_artifact'
              AND b.access_mode IN ('read', 'read_write')
            ORDER BY a.created_at DESC
            LIMIT 1
            """
        )
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            row = connection.execute(
                statement,
                {
                    "binding_id": binding,
                    "correlation_id": correlation,
                    "artifact_kind": kind,
                },
            ).mappings().one_or_none()
        if row is None:
            raise ValueError("canonical artifact binding was not found")
        artifact_ref = str(row["artifact_ref"])
        key = self.artifact_store._parse_ref(artifact_ref)
        if not key.startswith(f"rules/{correlation}/"):
            raise ValueError(
                "catalog artifact does not match the execution correlation"
            )
        described = self.artifact_store.describe(artifact_ref)
        row_fields = row["schema_fields"]
        if isinstance(row_fields, str):
            row_fields = json.loads(row_fields)
        if (
            described["digest"] != str(row["artifact_digest"])
            or described["row_count"] != int(row["row_count"])
            or described["schema_hash"] != str(row["schema_hash"])
        ):
            raise ValueError("catalog artifact metadata does not match storage")
        return {
            **described,
            "schema_fields": _normalized_schema_fields(row_fields),
            "binding_hash": str(row["catalog_binding_hash"]),
        }

    def resolve_handoff(
        self,
        *,
        artifact_ref: str,
        correlation_id: str,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Resolve only a ready upstream output from the same execution."""

        correlation = _uid(correlation_id, "artifact correlation id")
        key = self.artifact_store._parse_ref(artifact_ref)
        if not key.startswith(f"rules/{correlation}/"):
            raise ValueError(
                "artifact handoff does not match the execution correlation"
            )
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            row = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    SELECT a.artifact_digest, a.row_count, a.schema_hash,
                           a.schema_fields, a.expires_at
                    FROM public.rule_run_artifacts a
                    JOIN public.dataflow_dataset_bindings b
                      ON b.id = a.binding_id
                    WHERE a.artifact_ref = :artifact_ref
                      AND a.correlation_id =
                          CAST(:correlation_id AS uuid)
                      AND a.artifact_kind = 'output'
                      AND a.handoff_status = 'ready'
                      AND a.expires_at > CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                      AND a.binding_hash = b.binding_hash
                    """
                ),
                {
                    "artifact_ref": artifact_ref,
                    "correlation_id": correlation,
                },
            ).mappings().one_or_none()
        if row is None:
            raise ValueError("ready upstream artifact handoff was not found")
        fields = row["schema_fields"]
        if isinstance(fields, str):
            fields = json.loads(fields)
        described = self.artifact_store.describe(artifact_ref)
        if (
            described["digest"] != str(row["artifact_digest"])
            or described["row_count"] != int(row["row_count"])
            or described["schema_hash"] != str(row["schema_hash"])
        ):
            raise ValueError(
                "upstream artifact handoff metadata does not match"
            )
        return {
            **described,
            "schema_fields": _normalized_schema_fields(fields),
        }

    def attest_binding(
        self,
        *,
        binding_id: str,
        binding_hash: str,
        access_mode: str,
    ) -> dict[str, str]:
        binding = _uid(binding_id, "artifact binding id")
        if _DIGEST.fullmatch(str(binding_hash or "")) is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact binding hash is invalid")
        allowed = {
            "read": {"read", "read_write"},
            "write": {"write", "read_write"},
        }.get(access_mode)
        if allowed is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact access mode is invalid")
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            row = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    SELECT binding_hash, access_mode, object_kind
                    FROM public.dataflow_dataset_bindings
                    WHERE id = CAST(:binding_id AS uuid)
                    """
                ),
                {"binding_id": binding},
            ).mappings().one_or_none()
        if (
            row is None
            or row["object_kind"] != "parquet_artifact"
            or row["access_mode"] not in allowed
            or str(row["binding_hash"]) != binding_hash
        ):
            raise ValueError("canonical artifact binding no longer matches")
        return {"binding_hash": str(row["binding_hash"])}

    @staticmethod
    def _catalog_artifact(row: Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        fields = row["schema_fields"]
        if isinstance(fields, str):
            fields = json.loads(fields)
        expires_at = row["expires_at"]
        return {
            "artifact_ref": str(row["artifact_ref"]),
            "digest": str(row["artifact_digest"]),
            "row_count": int(row["row_count"]),
            "schema_hash": str(row["schema_hash"]),
            "schema_fields": _normalized_schema_fields(fields),
            "expires_at": (
                _timestamp(expires_at)
                if isinstance(expires_at, datetime)
                else str(expires_at)
            ),
        }

    @staticmethod
    def _attest_binding_locked(
        connection,
        *,
        binding_id: str,
        binding_hash: str,
        kind: str,
    ) -> None:
        row = connection.execute(
            text(
                """
                SELECT binding_hash, access_mode, object_kind
                FROM public.dataflow_dataset_bindings
                WHERE id = CAST(:binding_id AS uuid)
                FOR SHARE
                """
            ),
            {"binding_id": binding_id},
        ).mappings().one_or_none()
        allowed = (
            {"write", "read_write"}
            if kind == "output"
            else {"read", "read_write"}
        )
        if (
            row is None
            or row["object_kind"] != "parquet_artifact"
            or row["access_mode"] not in allowed
            or str(row["binding_hash"]) != binding_hash
        ):
            raise ValueError("canonical artifact binding no longer matches")

    def _lookup_handoff(
        self,
        *,
        correlation_id: str,
        binding_id: str,
        kind: str,
    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            row = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    SELECT id::text AS id, correlation_id::text,
                           binding_id::text, artifact_ref, artifact_digest,
                           row_count, schema_hash, schema_fields,
                           artifact_kind, binding_hash, expires_at,
                           handoff_status
                    FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                    WHERE correlation_id = CAST(:correlation_id AS uuid)
                      AND binding_id = CAST(:binding_id AS uuid)
                      AND artifact_kind = :artifact_kind
                    """
                ),
                {
                    "correlation_id": correlation_id,
                    "binding_id": binding_id,
                    "artifact_kind": kind,
                },
            ).mappings().one_or_none()
        return dict(row) if row is not None else None

    def reserve(
        self,
        *,
        binding_id: str,
        correlation_id: str,
        artifact: dict[str, Any],
        kind: str,
        binding_hash: str,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Atomically attest the binding and reserve one pending handoff."""

        binding = _uid(binding_id, "artifact binding id")
        correlation = _uid(correlation_id, "artifact correlation id")
        if kind not in {"input", "lookup", "output"}:
            raise ValueError("artifact kind is invalid")
        if _DIGEST.fullmatch(str(binding_hash or "")) is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact binding hash is invalid")
        if not isinstance(artifact, dict):
            raise ValueError("artifact metadata is invalid")
        artifact_ref = artifact.get("artifact_ref")
        key = self.artifact_store._parse_ref(artifact_ref)
        if not key.startswith(f"rules/{correlation}/"):
            raise ValueError(
                "artifact does not match the execution correlation"
            )
        fields = _normalized_schema_fields(artifact.get("schema_fields"))
        if canonical_schema_hash(fields) != artifact.get("schema_hash"):
            raise ValueError("artifact schema contract does not match")
        if _DIGEST.fullmatch(str(artifact.get("digest") or "")) is None:
            raise ValueError("artifact digest is invalid")
        reservation_id = new_governance_uid()
        parameters = {
            "id": reservation_id,
            "correlation_id": correlation,
            "binding_id": binding,
            "artifact_ref": artifact_ref,
            "artifact_digest": artifact["digest"],
            "row_count": int(artifact["row_count"]),
            "schema_hash": artifact["schema_hash"],
            "schema_fields": json.dumps(
                fields,
                sort_keys=True,
                separators=(",", ":"),
            ),
            "artifact_kind": kind,
            "binding_hash": binding_hash,
            "expires_at": artifact["expires_at"],
        }
        selected = None
        inserted = False
        try:
            with self.engine.begin() as connection:
                self._attest_binding_locked(
                    connection,
                    binding_id=binding,
                    binding_hash=binding_hash,
                    kind=kind,
                )
                selected = connection.execute(
                    text(
                        """
                        INSERT INTO public.rule_run_artifacts (
                            id, correlation_id, binding_id, artifact_ref,
                            artifact_digest, row_count, schema_hash,
                            schema_fields, artifact_kind, binding_hash,
                            handoff_status, expires_at
                        ) VALUES (
                            CAST(:id AS uuid),
                            CAST(:correlation_id AS uuid),
                            CAST(:binding_id AS uuid), :artifact_ref,
                            :artifact_digest, :row_count, :schema_hash,
                            CAST(:schema_fields AS jsonb), :artifact_kind,
                            :binding_hash, 'pending',
                            CAST(:expires_at AS timestamptz)
                        )
                        ON CONFLICT (
                            correlation_id, binding_id, artifact_kind
                        ) DO NOTHING
                        RETURNING id::text AS id, correlation_id::text,
                                  binding_id::text, artifact_ref,
                                  artifact_digest, row_count, schema_hash,
                                  schema_fields, artifact_kind, binding_hash,
                                  expires_at, handoff_status
                        """
                    ),
                    parameters,
                ).mappings().one_or_none()
                inserted = selected is not None
                if selected is None:
                    selected = connection.execute(
                        text(
                            """
                            SELECT id::text AS id, correlation_id::text,
                                   binding_id::text, artifact_ref,
                                   artifact_digest, row_count, schema_hash,
                                   schema_fields, artifact_kind, binding_hash,
                                   expires_at, handoff_status
                            FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                            WHERE correlation_id =
                                      CAST(:correlation_id AS uuid)
                              AND binding_id = CAST(:binding_id AS uuid)
                              AND artifact_kind = :artifact_kind
                            FOR UPDATE
                            """
                        ),
                        parameters,
                    ).mappings().one_or_none()
        except ValueError:
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            try:
                selected = self._lookup_handoff(
                    correlation_id=correlation,
                    binding_id=binding,
                    kind=kind,
                )
            except Exception as recheck_exc:
                raise ArtifactCommitUnknown(
                    "artifact reservation commit outcome is unknown"
                ) from recheck_exc
            if (
                selected is None
                or str(selected["artifact_ref"]) != artifact_ref
                or str(selected["artifact_digest"]) != artifact["digest"]
                or str(selected["binding_hash"]) != binding_hash
            ):
                raise ArtifactCommitUnknown(
                    "artifact reservation commit outcome is unknown"
                ) from exc
            inserted = True
        if selected is None:
            raise ArtifactCommitUnknown(
                "artifact reservation commit outcome is unknown"
            )
        row = dict(selected)
        if str(row["binding_hash"]) != binding_hash:
            raise ValueError("artifact reservation binding hash conflicts")
        if str(row["artifact_digest"]) != artifact["digest"]:
            raise ValueError(
                "immutable artifact catalog digest conflicts with retry"
            )
        status = str(row["handoff_status"])
        if not inserted:
            if status == "ready":
                return {
                    **self._catalog_artifact(row),
                    "correlation_id": correlation,
                    "reservation_id": str(row["id"]),
                    "handoff_status": "ready",
                    "upload_required": False,
                }
            if status == "pending":
                raise ArtifactHandoffPending(
                    "artifact handoff is already pending"
                )
            raise ValueError("artifact handoff has failed")
        return {
            **self._catalog_artifact(row),
            "correlation_id": correlation,
            "reservation_id": str(row["id"]),
            "handoff_status": status,
            "upload_required": status == "pending",
        }

    def _abort_pending(self, reservation_id: str) -> None:
        with self.engine.begin() as connection:
            connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    DELETE FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                    WHERE id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                      AND handoff_status = 'pending'
                    """
                ),
                {"id": reservation_id},
            )

    def finalize(
        self,
        *,
        reservation: dict[str, Any],
        binding_id: str,
        binding_hash: str,
        kind: str,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        reservation_id = _uid(
            reservation.get("reservation_id"), "artifact reservation id"
        )
        binding = _uid(binding_id, "artifact binding id")
        selected = None
        try:
            with self.engine.begin() as connection:
                self._attest_binding_locked(
                    connection,
                    binding_id=binding,
                    binding_hash=binding_hash,
                    kind=kind,
                )
                selected = connection.execute(
                    text(
                        """
                        UPDATE public.rule_run_artifacts
                        SET handoff_status = 'ready',
                            ready_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                            updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                            failure_code = NULL,
                            failed_at = NULL
                        WHERE id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                          AND binding_id = CAST(:binding_id AS uuid)
                          AND binding_hash = :binding_hash
                          AND artifact_digest = :artifact_digest
                          AND handoff_status = 'pending'
                        RETURNING id::text AS id, correlation_id::text,
                                  binding_id::text, artifact_ref,
                                  artifact_digest, row_count, schema_hash,
                                  schema_fields, artifact_kind, binding_hash,
                                  expires_at, handoff_status
                        """
                    ),
                    {
                        "id": reservation_id,
                        "binding_id": binding,
                        "binding_hash": binding_hash,
                        "artifact_digest": reservation["digest"],
                    },
                ).mappings().one_or_none()
                if selected is None:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "pending artifact handoff no longer matches"
                    )
        except ValueError:
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            try:
                selected = self._lookup_handoff(
                    correlation_id=_uid(
                        reservation["correlation_id"],
                        "artifact correlation id",
                    ),
                    binding_id=binding,
                    kind=kind,
                )
            except Exception as recheck_exc:
                raise ArtifactCommitUnknown(
                    "artifact finalize commit outcome is unknown"
                ) from recheck_exc
            if (
                selected is None
                or str(selected["id"]) != reservation_id
                or str(selected["artifact_digest"])
                != reservation["digest"]
                or str(selected["binding_hash"]) != binding_hash
                or str(selected["handoff_status"]) != "ready"
            ):
                raise ArtifactCommitUnknown(
                    "artifact finalize commit outcome is unknown"
                ) from exc
        return self._catalog_artifact(selected)

    def publish_path(
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
        binding_id: str,
        binding_hash: str,
        correlation_id: str,
        kind: str,
        ttl_seconds: int,
        schema_fields: list[dict[str, Any]],
        limits: dict[str, int] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Reserve, upload, and finalize one durable artifact handoff."""

        prepared = self.artifact_store.prepare_path(
            path,
            correlation_id,
            ttl_seconds,
            schema_fields=schema_fields,
            limits=limits,
        )
        reservation = self.reserve(
            binding_id=binding_id,
            correlation_id=correlation_id,
            artifact=prepared,
            kind=kind,
            binding_hash=binding_hash,
        )
        if not reservation["upload_required"]:
            stored = self.artifact_store.describe(
                reservation["artifact_ref"]
            )
            if stored["digest"] != reservation["digest"]:
                raise ValueError(
                    "ready artifact catalog does not match storage"
                )
            return {
                key: reservation[key]
                for key in (
                    "artifact_ref",
                    "digest",
                    "row_count",
                    "schema_hash",
                    "schema_fields",
                    "expires_at",
                )
            }
        reserved_artifact = {
            key: reservation[key]
            for key in (
                "artifact_ref",
                "digest",
                "row_count",
                "schema_hash",
                "schema_fields",
                "expires_at",
            )
        }
        try:
            self.artifact_store.upload_path(
                path,
                reserved_artifact,
                limits=limits,
            )
        except Exception:
            with suppress(Exception):
                self.artifact_store.delete(
                    reserved_artifact["artifact_ref"]
                )
            with suppress(Exception):
                self._abort_pending(reservation["reservation_id"])
            raise
        return self.finalize(
            reservation=reservation,
            binding_id=binding_id,
            binding_hash=binding_hash,
            kind=kind,
        )

    def _mark_failed(
        self,
        *,
        row_id: str,
        expected_status: str,
        failure_code: str,
    ) -> bool:
        if expected_status not in {"pending", "ready"}:
            raise ValueError("artifact expected handoff status is invalid")
        with self.engine.begin() as connection:
            updated = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    UPDATE public.rule_run_artifacts
                    SET handoff_status = 'failed',
                        failed_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                        updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                        failure_code = :failure_code
                    WHERE id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                      AND handoff_status = :expected_status
                    """
                ),
                {
                    "id": row_id,
                    "expected_status": expected_status,
                    "failure_code": failure_code,
                },
            )
        return int(updated.rowcount or 0) == 1

    def _lookup_handoff_by_id(
        self,
        row_id: str,
    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            row = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    SELECT id::text AS id, correlation_id::text,
                           binding_id::text, artifact_ref, artifact_digest,
                           row_count, schema_hash, schema_fields,
                           artifact_kind, binding_hash, expires_at,
                           handoff_status
                    FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                    WHERE id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                    """
                ),
                {"id": row_id},
            ).mappings().one_or_none()
        return dict(row) if row is not None else None

    @staticmethod
    def _matching_ready(
        snapshot: Mapping[str, Any],
        current: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
    ) -> bool:
        if current is None or str(current.get("handoff_status")) != "ready":
            return False
        return all(
            str(current.get(key)) == str(snapshot.get(key))
            for key in (
                "id",
                "correlation_id",
                "binding_id",
                "artifact_ref",
                "artifact_digest",
                "row_count",
                "schema_hash",
                "artifact_kind",
                "binding_hash",
            )
        )

    def _verify_reconcile_object(
        self,
        row: Mapping[str, Any],
    ) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
        artifact_ref = str(row["artifact_ref"])
        self.artifact_store._parse_ref(artifact_ref)
        stored = self.artifact_store.describe_optional(artifact_ref)
        if stored is None:
            return None
        if any(
            (
                stored["digest"] != str(row["artifact_digest"]),
                stored["row_count"] != int(row["row_count"]),
                stored["schema_hash"] != str(row["schema_hash"]),
            )
        ):
            raise ValueError("catalog artifact metadata does not match storage")
        fields = row["schema_fields"]
        if isinstance(fields, str):
            fields = json.loads(fields)
        try:
            with self.artifact_store.stage(
                artifact_ref,
                str(row["artifact_digest"]),
                expected_schema_fields=fields,
            ):
                pass
        except Exception as exc:
            if _confirmed_object_missing(exc):
                return None
            raise
        return stored

    def reconcile(
        self,
        *,
        limit: int = 100,
        grace_seconds: int = 300,
    ) -> dict[str, int]:
        """Repair bounded catalog/store drift after the grace period."""

        if (
            isinstance(limit, bool)
            or not isinstance(limit, int)
            or limit < 1
            or limit > 1_000
        ):
            raise ValueError("artifact reconciliation limit is invalid")
        if (
            isinstance(grace_seconds, bool)
            or not isinstance(grace_seconds, int)
            or grace_seconds < 30
            or grace_seconds > 86_400
        ):
            raise ValueError("artifact reconciliation grace is invalid")
        result = {
            "pending_finalized": 0,
            "pending_deleted": 0,
            "ready_failed": 0,
            "orphans_deleted": 0,
        }
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            rows = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    SELECT id::text AS id, correlation_id::text,
                           binding_id::text, artifact_ref, artifact_digest,
                           row_count, schema_hash, schema_fields,
                           artifact_kind, binding_hash, expires_at,
                           handoff_status
                    FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                    WHERE handoff_status IN ('pending','ready')
                      AND updated_at <= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                          - make_interval(secs => :grace_seconds)
                    ORDER BY updated_at, id
                    LIMIT :limit
                    """
                ),
                {
                    "grace_seconds": grace_seconds,
                    "limit": limit,
                },
            ).mappings().all()
        for raw_row in rows:
            row = dict(raw_row)
            row_id = str(row["id"])
            status = str(row["handoff_status"])
            try:
                stored = self._verify_reconcile_object(row)
            except ValueError:
                if status == "pending":
                    failed = self._mark_failed(
                        row_id=row_id,
                        expected_status="pending",
                        failure_code="pending_object_invalid",
                    )
                    if failed:
                        with suppress(Exception):
                            self.artifact_store.delete(row["artifact_ref"])
                else:
                    failed = self._mark_failed(
                        row_id=row_id,
                        expected_status="ready",
                        failure_code="ready_object_invalid",
                    )
                    if failed:
                        result["ready_failed"] += 1
                continue
            except Exception:
                # Authentication, timeout, transport, and server failures are
                # not evidence that a cataloged object is invalid.
                continue
            if status == "ready":
                if stored is None:
                    failed = self._mark_failed(
                        row_id=row_id,
                        expected_status="ready",
                        failure_code="ready_object_missing",
                    )
                    if failed:
                        result["ready_failed"] += 1
                continue
            if stored is None:
                with self.engine.begin() as connection:
                    deleted = connection.execute(
                        text(
                            """
                            DELETE FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                            WHERE id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                              AND handoff_status = 'pending'
                            """
                        ),
                        {"id": row_id},
                    )
                if int(deleted.rowcount or 0) == 1:
                    result["pending_deleted"] += 1
                continue
            with self.engine.begin() as connection:
                finalized = connection.execute(
                    text(
                        """
                        UPDATE public.rule_run_artifacts a
                        SET handoff_status = 'ready',
                            ready_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                            updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                            failure_code = NULL,
                            failed_at = NULL
                        WHERE a.id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                          AND a.handoff_status = 'pending'
                          AND EXISTS (
                              SELECT 1
                              FROM public.dataflow_dataset_bindings b
                              WHERE b.id = a.binding_id
                                AND b.binding_hash = a.binding_hash
                                AND b.object_kind = 'parquet_artifact'
                                AND b.access_mode IN (
                                    'read','write','read_write'
                                )
                          )
                        RETURNING a.id
                        """
                    ),
                    {"id": row_id},
                )
            if int(finalized.rowcount or 0) == 1:
                result["pending_finalized"] += 1
            else:
                current = self._lookup_handoff_by_id(row_id)
                if self._matching_ready(row, current):
                    result["pending_finalized"] += 1
                elif (
                    current is not None
                    and str(current.get("handoff_status")) == "pending"
                ):
                    self._mark_failed(
                        row_id=row_id,
                        expected_status="pending",
                        failure_code="pending_binding_changed",
                    )

        remaining = limit - len(rows)
        if remaining <= 0:
            return result
        now = _now_utc(self.artifact_store.clock)
        candidates = []
        scanned = 0
        for item in self.artifact_store.client.list_objects(
            self.artifact_store.bucket,
            prefix="rules/",
            recursive=True,
        ):
            scanned += 1
            if scanned > limit * 10 or len(candidates) >= remaining:
                break
            key = str(getattr(item, "object_name", ""))
            ref = f"minio://{self.artifact_store.bucket}/{key}"
            try:
                self.artifact_store._parse_ref(ref)
            except ValueError:
                continue
            modified = getattr(item, "last_modified", None)
            if not isinstance(modified, datetime):
                continue
            if modified.tzinfo is None:
                modified = modified.replace(tzinfo=UTC)
            if modified.astimezone(UTC) > now - timedelta(
                seconds=grace_seconds
            ):
                continue
            candidates.append(ref)
        if not candidates:
            return result
        with self.engine.connect() as connection:
            referenced = {
                str(row["artifact_ref"])
                for row in connection.execute(
                    text(
                        """
                        SELECT artifact_ref
                        FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                        WHERE artifact_ref =
                              ANY(CAST(:artifact_refs AS text[]))
                        """
                    ),
                    {"artifact_refs": candidates},
                ).mappings().all()
            }
        for ref in candidates:
            if ref in referenced:
                continue
            self.artifact_store.delete(ref)
            result["orphans_deleted"] += 1
        return result

    def cleanup_expired(self, *, limit: int = 100) -> int:
        if (
            isinstance(limit, bool)
            or not isinstance(limit, int)
            or limit < 1
            or limit > 1_000
        ):
            raise ValueError("artifact cleanup limit is invalid")
        removed = 0
        with self.engine.begin() as connection:
            rows = connection.execute(
                text(
                    """
                    SELECT id::text AS id, artifact_ref
                    FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                    WHERE expires_at <= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                    ORDER BY expires_at, id
                    LIMIT :limit
                    FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
                    """
                ),
                {"limit": limit},
            ).mappings().all()
            for row in rows:
                self.artifact_store.delete(str(row["artifact_ref"]))
                connection.execute(
                    text(
                        """
                        DELETE FROM public.rule_run_artifacts
                        WHERE id = CAST(:id AS uuid)
                        """
                    ),
                    {"id": str(row["id"])},
                )
                removed += 1
        return removed